Mississippi Burning
Resources

The following are resources teachers and students can use in studying the issues surrounding the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project, which is the focus of this lesson. Marked (X) resources are also found on the CD-Rom that accompanies the teacher's guide for the 20th Century Interactive project. When looking for resources, also check out the links for this unit.

Books

• Catanese, Anthony J. and James C. Snyder. "Introduction to Urban Planning." New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.
• Lemann, Nicholas. "The Promised Land:The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America." New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
• Relph, Edward. "The Modern Urban Landscape: 1880 to the Present." Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
• Sennett, Richard, ed. "Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities." Prentice-Hall, 1969.
• Taylor, Henry Louis, ed. "Race and the City: Work, Community and Protest in Cincinnati, 1820-1970." Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993. [See especially chapters 6, 7 and 9 which address housing issues.]

Videos and Films

• Blacks in Suburbia. Princeton, NJ: Film for the Humanities, 1994. [VHS; 28 min.] Phil Donahue focuses on relocation of poor black families from one of Chicago's worst public housing projects.
• Brokers, Buyers and Bias: An Introduction to Fair Housing Compliance. Chicago, ILL: National Association of Realtors, 1985. [VHS; 100 min.] Explains how discriminatory behavior can occur and what can be done to prevent it.
• Call It Home: The House That Private Enterprise Built. Santa Monica, CA: Voyager Co., 1992. [Videodisc; 56 min.] A pictorial history of suburban development planned by developers, government agencies, and savings and loan companies. Begins at the time of the Depression and concludes with the 1960s. Includes discussion of garden cities, Levittowns, and racial segregation.
• A Dream Deferred. Bethesda, MD: Discovery Channel, 1995. [VHS; 90 min.] Documents the migraion of rural Southern blacks from the segregated South to Chicago. Cultural and political gains are offset by overcrowding and the ghettoization of Blacks. Includes historical footage and personal interviews.
• HUD: America's Slumlord. New York: A & E Home Video, 1994. [VHS; 50 min] Documentary exploring the corruption, mismanagement and scandal within the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. Reveals how urban renewal has turned into urban blight.
• A Tale of Two Cities. New York: Ambrose Video Publishing, 1993. [VHS; 14 min.] Focuses on racial discrimination in employment and housing in Illinois.
• The Right to Live, the Right to Choose. Cleveland, OH: WKYC-TV, 1984. [VHS; 53 min.] Studies discrimination in housing in Ohio cities.
• Why Can't We Live Together? New York: NBC News, 1997. [VHS; 49 min.] Examines the reality of racial separation in American suburbia even after the end of legal discrimination in housing. Discusses the social and economic consequences of black families moving into middle-class, predominantly white suburbs and the resulting white flight.

Songs

• (X) "Goin Down to Mississippi." Words and music by Phil Ochs. [lyrics available in Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. Ed. Susie Erenrich. Montgomery. AL: Black Belt Press, 1999. P. 234-35.]
• "Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney." Words and music by Tom Paxton. 1966 by E.M.I. Music ASCAP. [lyrics available in Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. Ed. Susie Erenrich. Montgomery. AL: Black Belt Press, 1999. P. 336-37.]
• (X) "Those Three Are on My Mind." Words by Frances Taylor. Music by Pete Seeger. 1966 by Fall River Music, Inc. [lyrics available in Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. Ed. Susie Erenrich. Montgomery. AL: Black Belt Press, 1999. P. 341-42.]

Interviews

• Elinor Arthur (former participant). Audiotape of interview available in Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection]
• Other possibilities include: Dr. Richard Momeyer (former participant in the Mississippi Freedom Summer; professor of Philosophy at Miami University); Dr. Philip Shriver (former president of Miami University); Rita Schwerner (widower of Mickey Shwerner); Mary King (SNCC organizer)

Photos and Illustrations

• (X) A Freedom Summer Project volunteer reads articles about the disappearance of Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner and James Chaney. The 3 civil rights workers had been on the Oxford, Ohio campus of Western College for Women the week before for training. (1964, Photo by George Hoxie) [Smith Library of Regional History, Oxford, Ohio; Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.]
• (X) Armed Mississippi police were a presence throughout the summer, subjecting volunteers to the violent intimidation tactics used against blacks all year long. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)
• Arraignment of twenty men on charges of conspiring to murder, Meridian, Mississippi, December 4, 1964, photograph by Bill Reed. [available in Kasher, Steven. The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954-68. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996, p. 156.]
• (X) Bob Moses (left with glasses), architect and guiding spirit of the Freedom Summer project, talks with Freedom Summer Project staff during training session at Western College for Women in Oxford. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)
• Burned-out station wagon driven by Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner, Bogue Chitto Creek, Neshoba County, Mississippi, June 23, 1964, photograph by Steve Schapiro. [available in Kasher, Steven. The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954-68. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996, p. 152-153]
• (X) Canvassing for voters was tedious, time-consuming work. Here volunteers attempt to persuade a group to register. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro)
• (X) Civil rights volunteers Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner and James Chaney disappeared in Mississippi on June 21, 1964. Their burned out station wagon was found the next day, but it would be August before the bodies of the trio were recovered. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)
• (X) Civil Rights worker Andy Goodman (right) and James Forman (with pipe), executive secretary of SNCC, during training sessions for Freedom Summer Project volunteers on the Western College for Women campus, Oxford, Ohio. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)
• (X) During training sessions on the Western College for Women campus, Freedom Summer Project volunteers gather to sing. Music was an important way of expressing social and political views. (1964, Photo by George Hoxie) [Smith Library of Regional History, Oxford, Ohio; Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.]
• (X) FBI Circular Issued June 29, 1964, depicting the three civil rights workers who disappeared near Philadelphia Mississippi, on June 21, 1964. Includes original UPI caption of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's statement about the missing persons. [available in Kasher, Steven. The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954-68. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996, p. 152.]
• (X) Freedom Summer Project staff members discuss what to do next following the disappearance of Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner and James Chaney. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)
• (X) Freedom Summer Project volunteers and staff join hands while singing during training sessions in Oxford, Ohio. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)
• (X) Freedom Summer Project volunteers ask questions during a training session in Oxford, Ohio. (1964, Photo by George Hoxie) [Smith Library of Regional History, Oxford, Ohio; Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.]
• (X) Freedom Summer Project volunteers at Oxford, Ohio, prior to their departure for Mississippi. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)
• (X) Freedom Summer Project volunteers on the campus of Western College for Women discuss the disappearance of 3 civil rights workers who went to Mississippi the previous week. (1964, Photo by George Hoxie) [Smith Library of Regional History, Oxford, Ohio; Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.]
• (X) Freedom Summer Project volunteers singing Civil Rights songs while on the Oxford, Ohio campus of Western College for Women for training sessions. (1964, Photo by George Hoxie) [Smith Library of Regional History, Oxford, Ohio; Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.]
• (X) Freedom Summer Project volunteers take notes and express their views through song during training sessions on the Western College for Women campus. (1964, Photo by George Hoxie) [Smith Library of Regional History, Oxford, Ohio; Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.]
• George Hoxie Photographs of Civil Rights Workers Training in Oxford, Ohio. [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.]
• Portraits of Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, and James Chaney by Sharon Riley. Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. Ed. Susie Erenrich. Montgomery. AL: Black Belt Press, 1999. P. 325.]
• (X) Practicing nonviolence at orientation. A group of Freedom Summer Project volunteers assumes a protective position against imaginary assault of a segregationist mob. For many, such exercises would come in handy later that summer. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)
• (X) Social and political views were often expressed through songs during the 1960s. Here, Freedom Summer Project volunteers sing while on the Oxford, Ohio campus of Western College for Women for training sessions. (1964, Photo by George Hoxie) [Smith Library of Regional History, Oxford, Ohio; Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.]
• (X) Students gather outside for a Freedom Project training session on the Western College for Women campus. (1964, Photo by George Hoxie) [Smith Library of Regional History, Oxford, Ohio; Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection.] The civil rights workers' station wagon at Bogue Chitto, June, 1964. (Copyright © 1964, Steve Schapiro/Black Star)

Documents (including Newspapers & Magazine Articles)

• "3 Rights Workers Are Freed After Paying $20 Fines" Baton Rouge State Times (22 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 19].
• Alsop, Joseph. "Mississippi Now Has Armed Guerilla Units." Lewiston, Idaho Tribune (20 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 13.]
• Alsop, Joseph. "Fight to Avoid Use of Troops in Mississippi." Racine, Wisconsin Journal Times (30 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 49.]
• (X) Bayless, Les. "Three who gave their lives: Remembering the martyrs of Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964. " People's Weekly World (25 May 1966). [From People's Weekly World website: www.pww.org.] Republished with permission of People's Weekly World.
• (X) Brumfield, Bob. "Missing Men Report Stirs Rights Trainees." Cincinnati Enquirer (23 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 20.]
• (X) "Civil Rights Trio Killings: A Timeline of Events." The Clarion-Ledger (7 May 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 3 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Cunningham, Dick. "Wife of Missing Rights Worker Wants Sheriff to Deny its "stunt'" Minneapolis Tribune (26 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 37.]
• Excerpts from interview with Dick Gregory in My Soul is Rested: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South. Ed. Howell Raines. Putnam's Sons, 1977.
• Hampton, Henry and Steve Fayer. Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s. New York: Bantam Books, 1990. 177-206. [oral testimonials]
• Lynd, Staughton. "Freedom Summer: A Tragedy, Not A Melodrama." Freedom Is a Constant Struggle. Ed Susie Erenreich. Montgomery; Black Belt Press, 484-86.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry and Wagster, Emily. "AG warns witnesses in '64 Klan killings to come clean." The Clarion-Ledger (8 August 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 13 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "'People would call and threaten to kill Wallace'." The Clarion-Ledger (8 January 2001). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is a follow-up article to the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi. Mitchell, Jerry. "Experts: Autopsy reveals beating." The Clarion-Ledger (4 June 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 8 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Informant shares story." The Clarion-Ledger (10 September 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 14 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Jurors faced death threats, ostracism." The Clarion-Ledger (7 May 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 2 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Letters to sheriff reveal story behind battle for civil rights." The Clarion-Ledger (28 May 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 7 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "New witnesses surface in probe of '64 killings." The Clarion-Ledger (11 June 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 11 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Rita's Story." The Clarion-Ledger (18 June 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 12 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Spy agency took aim at N.Y. pathologist." The Clarion-Ledger (4 June 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 10 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "State considers pursuing murder charges in case." The Clarion-Ledger (7 May 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 4 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Stringer recalls 'elimination' plan." The Clarion-Ledger (14 May 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 5 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Suspects in 1964 civil rights slayings put past behind them." The Clarion-Ledger (21 May 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 6 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Who's the 'hero' with no name?" The Clarion-Ledger (7 January 2001). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is a follow-up article to the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) Mitchell, Jerry. "Jurors recall holdout vote that let 'Preacher' walk away free." The Clarion-Ledger (7 May 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 1 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. "If You Are Arrested in Mississippi." [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, "Civil Rights Orientation, 1964 (faculty notes)" folder]
• Oration for Funeral of James Chaney by Dave Dennis. Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. Ed. Susie Erenrich. Montgomery. AL: Black Belt Press, 1999. 360-363.
• (X) "Racial Workers Ready to Invade State." Gulfport-Biloxi Herald (19 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 10.]
• Signed Confession Statement of Horace Doyle Barnette (conspirator in the murder of Goodman, Schwerner and Chaney). Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. Ed. Susie Erenrich. Montgomery. AL: Black Belt Press, 1999. 346-352.
• Sitton, Claude. "Students Warned on Southern Law." The New York Times (19 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, Scrapbook, p. 9]
• Smith, Michael. "Dulles Being Sent to Scene on LBJ Orders." Bridgeport, Conn. Post (24 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 24.]
• (X) "Trainees Shaken, but Firm After News of Missing Trio" The Daily News, Dayton, Ohio (June 24, 1964) [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook]
• Van Hoffman, Nicholas. "Rights 'Invaders' Told: Be Wary of Mississippi Cops." Chicago, Ill: News (19 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, page 7
• Van Hoffman, Nicholas. "U.S. Puts Rights Army On its Own in Dixie." Chicago, Ill. News (10 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 14.]
• "Week of Violence." New York Times (28 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 44.]
• (X) "What Happened That Night." The Clarion-Ledger (4 June 2000). [www.clarion-ledger.com] This is article 9 from the multi-part series, 44 Days That Changed Mississippi.
• (X) "With Dignity and Restraint." Clarksdale, Ms Press Register (20 June 1964). [Western College Archives, Mississippi Freedom Summer Collection, scrapbook, p. 15.]

Marked (X) resources are also found on the CD-Rom that accompanies the teacher's guide for the 20th Century Interactive project.

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